Abortion And Murder :: essays research papers fc

Premature birth And Murder On January 22, 1973, the U.S. Preeminent Court, in two separate choices, Roe v. Swim and Doe v. Bolton, pronounced that Congress and the states needed to embrace a strategy on premature birth. From that point forward, fetus removal has been one of the most disputable issues in our nation today. Each time the subject of premature birth is raised, a similar inquiry consistently comes up: should individuals reserve the option to end an unborn kid? The appropriate response is no. No individual ought to reserve the privilege to end an unborn youngster which has not yet gotten the opportunity to live, regardless of what the explanation is. Premature birth is the end of an alive, unborn youngster, which can encounter torment through the procedure of a fetus removal. There is no compelling reason to have a premature birth when these kids could be set up for selection as opposed to being Æ'â ±aborted.æ'â ° Abortion is the end of alive, unborn youngsters. By what means can an individual ch oose exactly when an unborn embryo turns into an individual with protected rights. Numerous individuals differ when a hatchling turns into a genuine individual, however in all actuality an embryo turns into an individual at the hour of origination. An article entitled Æ'Â ±Pro-lofe and master decision? Yesæ'â ° says that, Æ'Â ±From the snapshot of origination, the embryo is invested with all the hereditary data that will empower its improvement into a full human personæ'â ° (Church 108). Innovation has progressed especially in the previous twenty years and now with the guide of clinical innovation and the study of fetology, specialists can demonstrate that a hatchling is a genuine individual as ahead of schedule as thirteen weeks of development (Meyer 62-64). These realities just assistance to demonstrate that an embryo is a genuine individual, who merits the opportunity to be conceived. As opposed to conviction, an embryo can really feel torment. The perception of premature births on ultrasound have been extremely upsetting. So upsetting, that numerous fetus removal specialists who have seen the method, decline to partake in premature births once more (Meyer 62-64). An article entitled Æ'Â ±Fetal positions: Making Abortion rareæ'â ° reports that, Æ'Â ±Bernard Nathanson, a previous chief of the National Abortion Rights Action League, who performed a huge number of premature births, denied the training in the mid 1980's in the wake of watching the obvious anguish of a baby exposed to an attractions tip abortionæ'â ° (Meyer 62-64). Present day nervous system science bolsters the case that the baby can encounter torment, not simply reflex. Reflexive responses invigorate just the spinal segment, yet the more intricate responses that animate agony happen in the minuscule segment of the cerebrum called the thalamus. Fetus removal And Murder :: articles inquire about papers fc Fetus removal And Murder On January 22, 1973, the U.S. Incomparable Court, in two separate choices, Roe v. Swim and Doe v. Bolton, announced that Congress and the states needed to embrace a strategy on premature birth. From that point forward, fetus removal has been one of the most questionable issues in our nation today. Each time the subject of fetus removal is raised, a similar inquiry consistently comes up: should individuals reserve the option to end an unborn youngster? The appropriate response is no. No individual ought to reserve the option to end an unborn youngster which has not yet gotten the opportunity to live, regardless of what the explanation is. Fetus removal is the end of an alive, unborn youngster, which can encounter torment through the procedure of a premature birth. There is no compelling reason to have a premature birth when these youngsters could be set up for reception as opposed to being Æ'â ±aborted.æ'â ° Abortion is the end of alive, unborn kids. In what manner can an individu al choose exactly when an unborn hatchling turns into an individual with established rights. Numerous individuals differ when a hatchling turns into a genuine individual, yet actually an embryo turns into an individual at the hour of origination. An article entitled Æ'Â ±Pro-lofe and star decision? Yesæ'â ° says that, Æ'Â ±From the snapshot of origination, the hatchling is invested with all the hereditary data that will empower its improvement into a full human personæ'â ° (Church 108). Innovation has progressed especially in the previous twenty years and now with the guide of clinical innovation and the study of fetology, specialists can demonstrate that a hatchling is a real individual as ahead of schedule as thirteen weeks of development (Meyer 62-64). These realities just assistance to demonstrate that a hatchling is a genuine individual, who merits the opportunity to be conceived. In spite of conviction, a hatchling can really feel torment. The perception of premature b irths on ultrasound have been exceptionally upsetting. So upsetting, that numerous fetus removal specialists who have seen the method, decline to partake in premature births once more (Meyer 62-64). An article entitled Æ'Â ±Fetal positions: Making Abortion rareæ'â ° reports that, Æ'Â ±Bernard Nathanson, a previous chief of the National Abortion Rights Action League, who performed a huge number of premature births, renounced the training in the mid 1980's in the wake of watching the clear misery of an embryo exposed to an attractions tip abortionæ'â ° (Meyer 62-64). Present day nervous system science bolsters the case that the embryo can encounter torment, not simply reflex. Reflexive responses animate just the spinal segment, yet the more intricate responses that invigorate torment happen in the little part of the cerebrum called the thalamus.

DeStalinization - A Wise Political Strategy essays

DeStalinization - A Wise Political Strategy articles Albeit a considerable lot of his thoughts didn't bring the normal outcomes, Nikita Khrushchev strategies of de-Stalinization were politically savvy. He conflicted with a large number of Stalin's overbearing approaches and gave the individuals an a lot more prominent feeling of opportunity. In the process known as de-Stalinization, legitimate methods were reestablished, some more prominent level of significant open discussion was allowed, constrained work camps were shut and the mystery police strategies of Stalin's time were eradicated. Stalin's technique for individual standard was supplanted by bunch rule and all the more organized procedures of government, the dread contraption was to a great extent destroyed, the economy was prominently modernized and international strategy was directed with a lot more noteworthy conciliatory activity and adaptability. There was free political conversation, a standard forty-hour work week where individuals were allowed to change employments, bett er government anticipating creation, and facilitated travel limitations over the Iron Curtain. During the time spent de-Stalinization the urban communities that were once named to pay tribute to Stalin were given new names or came back to their old names1. The sculptures and pictures of Stalin were annihilated and letters were sent to groups of the individuals who were killed in fight, which condemned Stalin's powerless initiative during the hour of the war. Stalin's grave was vandalized during this procedure, and Khrushchev picked up endorsement from the West. These approaches were utilized to delete the past and facilitate the brains of the individuals who endured under the dictator2. Khrushchev attempted to revile his previous pioneers doings and tidy up the picture of the country on an overall scale. Khrushchev endeavored to be pleasant with most of individuals he dominated. He looked to differentiate his own current strategies with the limits of Stalinism, and hence reestablish open trust in the Soviet system.3 Maybe the most prominent case of de-Stalinization was the place Khrushchev censured Stalin and condemned the tyrant alongside tho... <!

Overstretched European families up against the demands of work and care Essay

Care Policies Presentation  â â â â â â â â â â Care is characterized as arrangement of what is suitable for government assistance, wellbeing, security and upkeep of a person or thing. Care arrangements are acts that that aides individuals to look for genuine thought or consideration so they can continue with their day by day exercises in a fitting way. Care arrangements must be novel to the sort of administration being offered and be created in collaboration with the administration network. Approaches are created relying upon the need or conditions. Be that as it may, the approach must be acquainted with the network and clarify the likely arrangements of improvement. The principle concern is to realize how to create arrangements that address the issues of the general public.  â â â â â â â â â â In different pieces of the landmass there has been an opposite of jobs whereby ladies are engaging in paid work. This has changed the customary job of the dad as the provider of the family since this model assume that ladies can be needy to think about youngsters, slight and more established family members just as handicapped relatives. The paper looks to recognize how care approaches are created. The paper center around the relationship interfacing how supporters plan care claims and the way these consideration arrangements are arranged and conveyed in assorted territorial, national and authentic point of view. The fundamental spotlight is on the consideration strategies for utilized guardians in Europe, however it additionally quickly dissect approaches for unpaid vocations and impaired residents.  â â â â â â â â â â The paper target giving a clarification inside specific structure of the affinity between ; the association of cases dependent on the requirements of the individuals who get and the individuals who give care, the rationales and political edges which are worried to address care issues, just as the ramifications of such strategies to unmistakable consideration suppliers and care collectors. The strategy ought to be steady with the qualities, objectives and the crucial the administration to be given. The arrangement ought to also be relevant to the administration structure just as the sort of administration being given. The consideration arrangement ought to likewise follow the organization utilized in different strategies. There ought to likewise be administrative and authoritative orders administering the approach as it apply to the sort of administration. This among different components will decide how well the strategy tends to the need and along th ese lines offer the assistance in the most ideal manner conceivable. Consistently associations are called upon to audit their strategies and techniques with the goal that they can meet the necessary terms.  â â â â â â â â â â The book Gender and social arrangement in a worldwide setting by Razavi and Hassim clarify how financial and social rights have been customarily arranged and displayed by the methodology of monetary and political change, and by structure and regulating propositions of social foundations. The book uncovers that these presumptions and procedures are inside and out gendered even in stages where official political equality has been accomplished. The book reveals the gendered structure of the general public and it features the importance of considering ahead business sectors and states in cultural provisioning, likewise consolidating communication examination between social establishments, particularly family and society. In spite of the fact that there have been a great deal of radicalization in the consideration and equalization of work in numerous networks, the book appears as a rule these changes have been restored as opposed to manliness wrinkled imb alances. So as to recognize the outcomes, it is imperative to investigate the affinity between the qualities and presuppositions on which social establishments are spoken to in various countries and the methodologies in which they have organized work access and weights to privileges.  â â â â â â â â â â Policies and techniques depict how care suppliers can plan to work their program. Working guardians in Europe have simple access to transparently subsidized plans offering predominant consideration. European nations give fitting elective models of youngster care. In any case, unique European nations have various frameworks of kid care strategies. For instance, French kid care is foreseen essentially as youth training and is allowed to all children regardless of the financial sort. In France, numerous kids are enrolled in the entire day and experience same national plan, with a similar outline and their educators are paid acceptable pay rates by a similar state authority. Then again, Denmark offers a â€Å"non-school model† with an essential point of helping working guardians not to instruct their youngsters. In European nations youngster care costs are considered as a social obligation and are financed by people in general. European nations ad ditionally exceptionally see the Family leave Act when contrasted with different countries, for example, United States. European authoritative board additionally stresses on the quantity of hours that parent function as a noteworthy factor that shape the methodology of how children are contemplated and individuals giving the consideration. European working guardians labor for scarcely any hours and weeks with the goal that they can have the opportunity to think about their kids. This is a significant advance since parent care isn't simple since it requires complete consideration. It presents hard to adjust time between office work and accepting obligation as a parent.  â â â â â â â â â â The paces of maternal business are high in European nations, yet guardians can adjust among work and family obligation. There are three significant consideration approaches for working guardians in Europe which are: openly given or financed youth care and instruction program, paid child rearing leaves that permit guardians to think about their youngsters without relinquishing their salary or occupations, and working time strategies that expansion choices for low maintenance, decreased hour and great business. Aggregate bartering understandings and enactment prohibit bosses from abusing low maintenance representatives. European consideration approaches that secure parental time are connected with predominant open youth care and instruction program. As one these approaches back up arrangement of safe, formatively supporting consideration for kids since birth until the start of their grade school. In Sweden, working guardians are qualified for 15 months paid parental leave and the guardians likewise have legal option to work for at any rate six hours every day until their kids turn 8 years. European nations recognize the significance of parent care since the parent is the child’s first instructor. Parent care is essential since it will shape the youngster improvement process. Taking everything into account, European consideration strategies are far much happier when contrasted with different nations, for example, United States. In European nations kid care costs are all around considered as social obligation and are subsidized by the general population while in U.S. guardians pay for kid care administrations. European nations figure care strategies to secure the working guardian by offering choices, for example, low maintenance, decreased hour and top notch business. These consideration arrangements in European nations are critical to working guardians since they help the parent to adjust among work and family obligation. References Boca, D. (2007). Social approaches, work markets and parenthood: a relative examination of European nations. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. DrobnicãÅ"Ã¥', S. (2011). Work-life balance in Europe: the job of occupation quality. Houndmills, Basingstoke Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. KroãÅ"ë†ger, T., and SipilaãÅ"ë†, J. (2005). Overstretched European families facing the requests of work and care. Malden, Mass.: Blackwell. Razavi, S., and Hassim, S. (2006). Sex and social approach in a worldwide setting: revealing the gendered structure of ‘the social’. New York: Palgrave Macmillan The European Model. (n.d.). What we can gain from how different countries bolster families that work. Recovered May 29, 2014, fromhttp://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Europe/European_Model_Families.html Source archive

Bookertee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bookertee - Essay Example He focused on that Blacks were not prepared for the conventional type of instruction; rather they should take up an occupation or an expertise by which they can bolster themselves. Washington demonstrated a way to the battling Negroes by which they can make their fundamental character and act naturally adequate over the long haul. Be that as it may, there were negative viewpoints to this arrangement as future scholastics, for example, Du Bois called attention to. Washington had focused on that the Blacks required particular instruction, that they were not fit to be taught in the conventional structure. However, as indicated by Du Bois the African Americans merited a similar type of training as the Whites. He had confidence in the way of thinking that Fast and Fury wins the race. As indicated by him except if and until the Blacks made a battle to teach themselves they would constrain themselves to the lower portion of society inclined to be bothered by the Southern Whites. Another negative part of the arrangement was Washington’s stress that the Blacks embrace a subordinate job towards the Southern Whites. He is really soliciting the Blacks to give up from their battle against Whites and keep on being in reverse and oppressed individual from the general public. On the off chance that the Blacks had kept on following his recommendation, there would not have been numerous conspicuous African Americans in the nation. As indicated by me Washington was directly in requesting that the Blacks take a scholastic course to free them from White severity. He solicited the individuals from his locale to adhere to training and procure any helpful exchange in order to increase financial autonomy. A consistent salary would help in enhancing all the basic components of life. Instruction would open their psyche to more up to date prospects throughout everyday life and make them become more friendly. This approach is still trailed by various African American of today who have moved to exchange and trade to get wealth throughout everyday life and push forward in the monetary stepping stool. a. A Negro Love Story: This sonnet

The 101 on Health Savings Accounts

The 101 on Health Savings Accounts The 101 on Health Savings Accounts The 101 on Health Savings AccountsAn HSA can help you avoid going into debt over unexpected medical expenses. Learn how they work and how they can boost both your savings and take-home pay.National Health Savings Account (HSA) Awareness Day was   October 15, but that doesnt mean we should stop talking about ways to save and hang on to our hard-earned money.As a follow up to HSA Awareness Day, we thought we’d explore this highly beneficial savings tool.Although more and more Americans are signing up for health savings accounts (22 million in 2017, according to one survey), many folks who are eligible to open an account don’t have one. Today we’ll examine HSAs by exploring what they are and who qualifies for one, along with the pros and cons of opening one.Health savings accounts: an overviewHealth Savings Accounts, or HSAs, were first established on a federal level in 2003, via the Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act, to help people with potentially ex pensive health insurance plans pay for medical expenses.In simpler terms: They are tax-advantaged personal savings accounts that allow you to save money specifically for health expenses. What does “tax-advantaged” mean? It means the money you save is taken out from your paycheck before you are charged income taxes on the rest. In other words, you don’t have to pay taxes on the money you save, as long as you use it for a qualifying expense (more on that in a moment).Who is eligible for an HSA?Unfortunately, not everyone qualifies to open an HSA. In order to be eligible, you must first be enrolled in a high-deductible health insurance plan, or an HDHP. As of 2019, the IRS defines an HDHP is any health insurance plan in which the deductible (the amount you have to pay toward medical costs before certain insurance benefits kick in) is at least $1,350 for an individual or $2,700 for a family.With an HDHP, you can’t have yearly out-of-pocket expenses (all the deductibles, coinsura nce, copays, etc. that you are responsible for) greater than $6,750 for an individual or $13,500 for a family. If you have one of these plans, you will want to make sure you understand all of the potential out-of-pocket costs that may surprise you.It’s important to keep in mind that the IRS changes how it defines HDHPs. For example, in 2020, the HDHP’s deductibles will increase to at least $1,400 for an individual and $2,800 for a family. You should check the IRS’s HSA page for the latest information every year.If you do have an HDHP, you still have to meet other criteria in order to be eligible for an HSA: You can’t have other health insurance (unless it’s eligible coverage, such as dental and vision coverage), you can’t be enrolled in Medicare, and you can’t be claimed as a dependent on someone’s tax return.Why is an HSA beneficial?When used correctly, HSAs can be extremely beneficial. Think about those HDHP deductible and other out-of-pocket costs. When you or you r family needs medical attention, you are on the hook for at least as much as your deductible (as much as $2,700) and a max of $13,500 â€" an amount that is easy to rack up in the United States, where average medical costs are inflated and far outstrip those in other developed nations. Do you have $13,500 (or even $2,700) laying around in a given year? Probably not, which is why the HSA is around. It helps you save for the unexpected so you don’t have to tap into other means to cover your emergencies.HDHPs are attractive to those on a budget because they tend to have lower premiums â€"t he upfront money you pay every month for your coverage. Theoretically, the money you save on premiums can be funneled tax-free into an HSA, where it will accrue tax-free interest until you need to spend it   on qualified medical expenses. You will not be taxed to use the funds either.If you save a little bit each month until you have enough to pay for your deductible, for example, then you’d neve r have to worry about being able to afford your deductible when medical expenses crop up (and they always do).Additionally, the money you contribute to an HSA has the potential to reduce your taxable income, which means you may not have to pay as much in income taxes. That gives you more real spending money.Medical debt is a huge problem in the United States. In 2018 Americans collectively borrowed $88 million for medical expenses they couldn’t afford. Many people turn to risky payday loans or other types of personal loans to pay for medical debt, and research suggests that increased medical debt is associated with increased payday loan debt. It’s a cycle you don’t want to be a part of, and HSAs can help you build a nest egg for when you need it most.How much money can you save in an HSA?Every year, the IRS determines the max amount of money you can contribute to an HSA. In tax year 2019, you can contribute up to $3,500 a year if you have an individual plan, or up to $7,000 in the year if your family is also covered on your plan. In 2020, you’ll be able to contribute up to $7,100 if you have a family plan.The money you save in your HSA account rolls over from one year to the next, so your savings can keep growing and growing as long as you contribute. And one of the best things about HSAs? The money is always yours to spend, even if you have to drop your HSA-eligible plan, such as when you change jobs or switch to an insurance plan that is no longer eligible.How can you spend your savings?Okay, so what can you spend your savings on? Qualified medical expenses, which the IRS defines “as any expense used to relieve or prevent a physical or mental defect or illness, including dental and vision issues.”While these expenses do not include your monthly premiums, they do include a lot of other things, such as doctor visits (copays, deductibles and coinsurance), dental procedures, eye exams, chiropractic services, prescriptions, and more. The IRS regularly updates what it considers to be “eligible services,” so be sure you always double check the latest federal information.

What is meant by home care Essay - 275 Words

What is meant by home care (Essay Sample) Content: NameProfessorSubjectDateIntroductionCommonly known as Obamacare  since its inception in 2010, the act was a revolutionary  surgery that marked the overhaul of the healthcare plan in America. Coupled with the Healthcare and Education Reconciliation Act, these two acts sought to offer intense regulatory framework on the services rendered by the healthcare facilities in the United States. This discourse is based on the details of the act and its implications on the American public (Sally 211).OverviewWith the dwindling statistics on the provision of healthcare in the American society, the act was meant to establish a framework through which the public would access the healthcare services at relatively low costs while retaining the quality and the accessibility of these services. With the enactment of the law, several insurance firms were requisited to ensure that all applicant of medical cover would be covered unconditionally irrespective of their gender (Sally 108 ).Implications and effectsThe implications of the Obamacare  can be disserved into several facets. In terms of accessibility to healthcare, the incentives proffered by the federal government would broaden the accessibility of healthcare services in the industry. While critics have poked holes on the sustenance of the quality of healthcare when the price index has been lowered, the fears of such arguments have been rebuffed by analysts who have pointed out that the government's role in the regulation of the sector in terms of quality have been inherently fortified by the provisions of the act. Providently, the act seeks to include the low end earners in the economic stratum in the healthcare insurance plan with subsidized premiums (Wizemann 77).Despite the flaws, the act shall drastically lower the federal budget in spending in healthcare provision, this, in turn, eases the burden on public...

The Family Is The Backbone Of Society And Government

Debate Paper – It Takes a Family The family is the backbone of society and government. They are there when we need them most. It is important to protect the family from intervening causes. The sanctity of the family is important because it helps humanity become better people by teaching them to care for others. Our families teach us unity, humbleness, love, appreciation and understanding. Whether you are born into a family or you choose your family, you are part of an everlasting team. Children play an important role in the growth and advancement of society. The stronger the families in our society, the stronger our government is. If government intervenes in the family, then we are not free. â€Å"The family is at risk because of the government and is facing many challenges. Washington today claims to be progressive and making our lives better by trying to convince us that, with enough of the taxpayers’ money and enough bureaucratic control, we can correct all that is wrong with humanity.† (pg. 105). Marriage out of wedlock is a problem. It is important that a child has a two parent family. This does not mean that we will shun those that do not meet this criterion. It means that we need to guide our youth in the right direction. The government needs strong, intact families in order to succeed. Liberals tend to downplay the importance of this ideal family, but at the same time they are â€Å"justifying expanding government in the name of the children. Invoking the children is a lotShow MoreRelatedLong Island Ny, Nassau County905 Words   |  4 PagesLong Island NY, Nassau County Nassau County is a cosmopolitan society with different people from various demographical features. The most recent population census pegged the population at approximately 1,361,350 people (www.census.gov/quickfacts). Thus, it is safe to conclude that the population is slightly over 1.3 million people who have diverse cultural features or backgrounds. It is important to note that 76% of the total population is comprised of whites alone that are roughly 1,034,626 of theRead MoreEssay Underdevelopment of Africa635 Words   |  3 Pagesbecause the economic sector controls all other aspect of the society. Underdevelopment in Africa is as a result of many contributing factors which include poverty, illiteracy, very large extended families, corruption and lack of accountability. Poverty is one of the causes of underdevelopment in Africa. Unfortunate events such as slave trade, wars and other bad incidents. 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We welcome them into our homes, neighborhoods, sc hools, businesses, and allow them to infiltrate every corner of society. The pushers and enforcers that feed our addiction to big-government money, exhibit many of the same traits and tactics as drug dealers. The idea of gettingRead MoreGeorge Washington And The Era Of The American Revolution1569 Words   |  7 Pages A Freemason is â€Å" a member of a major fraternal organization called Free and Accepted Masons or Ancient Free and Accepted Masons that has certain secret rituals†. George Washington was one of the American elites to join the Freemasonry society, their intentions weren t to better themselves but to mimic the â€Å"English gentill behavior†, even though the organization actually ending up contributed to the development of the American Revolution. 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Does Corporate Governance Drive Financing Decisions Of Saudi Arabian Companies Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 13 Words: 3778 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? Abstract This paper contributes to the corporate governance literature by examining the effect of corporate governance characteristics on financing decisions in Saudi Arabian listed companies. In particular, we examine the effect of board size; ownership concentration and corporate governance reporting on the debt-to-equity ratio. We use a multiple regression model to examine how corporate governance variables affect the extent to which Saudi Arabian companies use debt to finance their activities. We use a sample of 37 companies listed in Saudi Stock Market in January 2006 which is based on a recent paper by Hussainey and Al-Nodel (2008) who collected their sample from Saudi listed companies websites between October 2005 and January 2006 representing a total number of 77 companies. This helps us to focus on a group of firms that report corporate governance information on their websites Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Does Corporate Governance Drive Financing Decisions Of Saudi Arabian Companies Finance Essay" essay for you Create order After controlling for companies profitability and their growth opportunities, we find that both board size and ownership concentration are positively associated with debt-to-equity ratio. The findings seem to suggest that managers are likely to choose higher financial leverage when they have stronger corporate governance (large number of directors on the board and higher ownership concentration). However, the empirical results of the relationships are statistically insignificant in the case of corporate governance reporting. This suggests that firms asymmetric information is not an important driver of the financing decision of Saudi Arabian companies. This might be due to the nature of the Saudi business environment. 1. Introduction Capital structure decision is a well established part of the accounting and finance research related to determinants of corporate capital structure. Modigliani and Miller (1958) is the first to study this area of research. They find that capital structure decision is unrelated to firm value. They also relax the prefect market assumptions and consider corporate tax into their models (Miller and Modigliani, 1963). Consequently, they find that firm value will be enhanced if the level of debt increases. They explain their findings by the fact that interest rate is a tax deductible and consequently companies would enjoy debt tax shield when funding their activities by long-term debt. However, Miller and Modigliani (1963) don not taken into account the bankruptcy related costs. A natural area of extending these lines of research is to explore other drivers of corporate capital structure decisions. Previous studies offer evidence that corporate governance variables affect firms capital structure decisions (Wen et al., 2002; Du and Dia, 2005; La Rocca, 2007; Driffield et al., 2007; Al-Najjar and Hussainey, 2009a, 2009b). However, there are a very limited number of studies that have examined determinants of capital structure in developing countries and even fewer such studies may be found in the Middle Eastern countries. To the best of our knowledge, no study yet has examined the influence of corporate governance on capital structure decision in Saudi Arabia or Middle Eastern countries. Consequently, this paper is the first to examine the potential corporate governance factors that might drive Saudi Arabian firms to use debt as the main source of finance. This paper is also motivated by the fact that SACMA issued a guidance in 2006 that recommends all listed companies to disclose corporate governance information to the public. Therefore, it would be worthwhile examining the attitude of companies to volunteer report corporate governance rather than being enforced to do so. The paper proceeds as follows. Sections 2 and 3 review prior research on the determinants of capital structure and develop the research hypotheses. Section 4 discusses the research method. Section 5 is the data description. The main regression results are presented in Section 6. Finally, Section 7 concludes and suggests areas for future research. 2. Literature review For placing the findings of this study within its context, as well as other environments with similar characteristics this section provides a general description of the environment of the Saudi business practices. Several environmental factors affect Saudi business practice, this section, however, will summaries some of the most important environmental factors, as suggested by the literature such as the political, economical, and social systems and the 1965 Company Law that regulates the practice of Saudi businesses and the guidance of corporate governance issued by SACMA in 2006. As similar to most countries in the Middle Eastern region, the early stage of the political, economic and social development in the country makes the environment of the Saudi audit practice significantly different from that in developed countries. The political system of Saudi Arabia is a monarchy, headed by the King. Within the political system, there are three legislative bodies, which have the authority to initiate and/or approve policies, regulation or rules: the Council of Ministers, the Consultative Council, and various individual Ministries. There are various groups within the political system influence major policy issues and the development of new regulations. The main groups are the royal family, Islamic scholars, state officials, liberal elites, academics, tribal leaders and businessmen; all of whom have different interests and different powers depending on the importance of the issue to its interests and affairs (Al-Amari, 1989; Al-Rumaihi, 1997; Aba-Alkhail, 2001; Economist Intelligence Unit, 2003; Al-Nodel 2004). The Basic Law of Government which was introduced in 1992 is considered to be the constitution of the KSA (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2003). As an Islamic country, the legal system of Saudi Arabia is derived from Islamic law (Shariah; Alquran Alkareem and Sunna Alsharifah), and coded laws for a number of specific fields, such as commerce, tax and labour. Al-Amari (1989) reported that Islamic law, however, prevails in legal disputes. Saudi society is heavily influenced by its Arabic heritage and Islamic values (Al-Rumaihi, 1997; Aba-Alkhail, 2001; Al-Nodel 2004). All Saudis are Muslim, and the Arab Peninsula is the birthplace of Islam. Al-Rumaihi (1997) described Saudi society as characterised by the impact of the personality and power of particular individuals, the role of family and friend relationships over regulations, privilege given to personal relationships over tasks, and the existence of a high level of secrecy. The economy of Saudi Arabia is an oil-based economy and government exercises strong controls over major economic activities. It possesses 25% of the worlds proven petroleum reserves, ranks as the largest exporter of petroleum, and plays a leading role in OPEC. Worldwide oil prices and production volumes strongly affect Saudi economy. Since the discovery of oil in 1938, oil revenue represents the biggest contribution to the economy. In 1990s, it accounted for around 35% of nominal GDP, about 75% of government revenues, and 85% of export receipts (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2003). Table 2 presents the countrys budgetary revenues, expenditures and net surplus or (deficit) for the last three years. Insert Table 1 here Noticeable features of the current practice of Saudi companies are the domination of family businesses, the deep involvement of the government in the private sector, and the existence of a number of foreign-owned and controlled companies based on joint venture agreements with domestic companies. The domination of family businesses type in Saudi Arabia is argued by Al-Nodel (2004). He explained that joint-stock companies represent only 1.14% of the total number, and account for less than 40% of the total capital of the registered businesses. The existence of a number of foreign-owned and controlled companies based on joint venture agreements with domestic companies and the involvement of government in businesses represents another significant feature of the Saudi private sector (Presley, 1984; Aba-Alkhail, 2001). The 1965 Company Law regulates the practice of businesses in Saudi Arabia. It sets conditions for establishing businesses, describes the legal framework for business, and requires the publication of annual financial statements audited by an independent party (see also Al-Rehaily, 1992; Aba-Alkhail, 2001 and Al-Nodel 2004). Articles of the 1965 Company Law sets conditions for several aspects of businesses such as legal frameworks through which business companies can be established, the registration requirements, minimum capital to be maintained, number of partners, number of directors, accounts, the annual audit of the accounts, and so on. Shinawi and Crum (1971) asserted that the origin of the 1965 Saudi Company Law goes back to the British Companies Act of 1948. The similarity between the 1965 Saudi Company Law and the UK acts issued in 1948, 1967 and 1976 was also reported by Kahlid (1983). The main features of the 1965 Company Law are the legal frameworks of businesses and the reporting requirements. It provides several legal frameworks through which business companies can be established such as general partnership, joint venture, joint-stock company, limited liability company, and cooperative company[1]. The 1965 Company Law also sets the reporting requirements of businesses. It requires the issuance of a balance sheet, a profit and loss account, and a report on the companys operations and financial position every fiscal year. It further stipulates that all corporations, and limited liability companies must issue annual financial statements audited by an independent auditor licensed to practice by the Saudi Ministry of Commerce and Industry. The stock market of Saudi Arabia is underdevelopment. In 1984, the Royal Decree No. 81230 was issued as an attempt to officially regulate the stock exchange (Abdeen and Dale, 1984; El-Sharkawy, 2006). Under this Royal Decree, the Saudi Arabian Monetary Agency (SAMA) was given actual control over the stock exchange through national commercial banks. The significant change was in 2003 when the Saudi Arabian Capital Market Authority (SACMA), which took responsibility from SAMA to oversight the exchange of Saudi stocks, was established (Ramady, 2005). This period observed significant changes with respect to the number of listed companies or market value. Table (3) compares some key numbers of the Saudi stock market between 1996- 2005. Insert Table 2 here In 2006 SACMA intensifies its efforts to provide fairness in the trading of the Saudi stocks. Among these efforts was the issuance of the draft of corporate governance for listed companies in 2006. The draft provides recommendations of the criteria for the best corporate governance practice that should listed companies counsel. It has covered to some extent the main five principles issued by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): the rights of shareholders, the equitable treatment of shareholders, the role of stakeholders in corporate governance, disclosure and transparency, the responsibility of the board of directors. According to the recommendations of SACMA, listed companies are required to report to SACMA about their compliance with the criteria of corporate governance as issued by SACMA or reasons for uncompliance if any. The disclosure contains, for example, the board of directors functions, responsibilities, formation, committees of board of directors; audit committee; Nomination and Remuneration Committee; Meetings of the Board and Remuneration and Indemnification of Board Members[2]. Finally, SACMA asserted that the criteria for the best corporate governance practice mostly constitutes the guiding principles for all listed companies unless any other regulations, laws or rules require such requirement. Although, corporate governance has been the subject for an extensive research in developed countries[3], limited research has been carried out to investigate the issue of corporate governance in business environment of developing countries. Furthermore, those limited research studies approach the issue whether to describe the state of corporate governance from an official perspective or from the perspective of what should the practical applications of its principles be. For example, Al-Motairy (2003) explores the state of corporate governance practices in Saudi Arabia. He concludes that there is a vital need for (1) a review of these regulations to reflect the current practices of corporate governance, (2) the issuance of guidance for best practices for management and financial affair in corporations and (3) the establishment of an organisation to accelerate the adoption of best practices of corporate governance. Similarly, Fouzy (2003) evaluates the practices of corporate governances principles in Egypt. He recognises the development in Egyptian official regulations toward the application of best practices of corporate governance. He then argues that these developments are not met enough by Egyptian companies in their practical applications. Another example is the study which was carried out by Oyelere and Mohammed (2005) investigating the practices of corporate governance in Oman and how it is being communicated to stakeholders. They recommend enhanced regulation and communication for the Omani stock market to keep pace with the international developments. Finally, a research paper by the Centre for International Private Enterprise (CIPE, 2003) examines the corporate governance practice in four Middle Eastern countries (Egypt, Jordan, Morocco, and Lebanon). It finds that corporate governance practice is approached differently by each country. This is depended on the sophistication of the financial market in each country. The research paper further provides several recommendations to improve the application of the principles of corporate governance in the region as a whole. In conclusion, research studies that investigated the issue of corporate governance assert the importance of better regulations of the corporate governance in the region in order to increase the public confidence in financial markets 3. Research hypotheses Although the relationship between corporate governance and capital structure has been the subject for an extensive research in developed countries, limited research has been carried out to investigate the issue in business environment of developing countries. In the subsequent paragraphs we formulate three research hypotheses. Board size hypothesis The association between board size and capital structure decisions have been well established in prior accounting and finance research. In particular, Mehran (1992), Berger et al. (1997), Wiwattanakantang (1999), Wen et al. (2002), Du and Dia (2005), Abor and Biekpe (2005) and Al-Najjar and Hussainey (2009a and 2009b) examine the association between board size and corporate capital structure decision, but the results are mixed. Mehran (1992), Berger et al. (1997), and Abor and Biekpe (2005) find a significant negative association between the size of the board of directors and debt-to-equity ratios. However, Jensen (1986) finds a positive association between higher debt ratios and larger board size. Other researchers (Wiwattanakantang, 1999; Wen et al., 2002; Al-Najjar and Hussainey, 2009) find that there is no significant association between board size and debt-to-equity ratios. Given the above mixed results, we also revisit this research area and examine the association between board size and capital structure for Saudi Arabian companies. We set the following first research hypothesis for the impact of board size on capital structure: H1: Ceteris paribus, there is a relationship between board size and debt-to-equity ratio. Ownership concentration hypothesis Ownership concentration is considered as one of the key determinants of capital structure decision. Wiwattanakantang (1999) finds that managerial shareholdings have consistent positive influence on family-owned firm leverage. In addition, Al-Najjar and Hussainey (2009a) find that insider ownership is positively and significantly associated with the debt-to-equity ratio. However, Al-Najjar and Hussainey (2009b) did not find the expected significant results. Given the above results are to some extent mixed, we also revisit this research area and examine the association between ownership concentration and capital structure for Saudi Arabian companies. We set the following second research hypothesis for the impact of ownership concentration on capital structure: H2: Ceteris paribus, there is a relationship between ownership concentration and debt-to-equity ratio. Corporate governance reporting A new and growing number of studies have investigated the association between asymmetric information and corporate decisions (see Li and Zhao, 2006 for more details). In a recent paper, Bharath et al. (2009) use a novel information asymmetry index and examine the extent to which information asymmetry is a determinant of capital structure decisions. They found that information asymmetry affects capital structure decisions of US companies. In particular, they found a significant positive association between information asymmetry and debt-to-equity ratio. In other words, their results suggest that firms will higher levels of information asymmetric are more likely to use debt in financing their activities than equity. Based on the above results, we explore the role of the information environment on capital structure decision in Saudi Arabian companies. We use a corporate governance voluntary disclosure index as a measure of a firms information environment. Prior research finds that voluntary disclosure is negatively related to asymmetric information. For example, Hussainey et al. (2003) find higher levels of voluntary disclosure reduce information asymmetry between the firm and investors and hence increase investors ability to better anticipate future earnings. We set the following third research hypothesis for the impact of corporate governance reporting on capital structure: H3: Ceteris paribus, there is a negative relationship between corporate governance reporting and debt-to-equity ratio. 4. Model Development In order to test the above hypotheses, we regress debt-to-equity ratio on some corporate governance characteristics and some control variables. The study will investigate the following model: = ++ Where: is defined as long term debt to equity ratio; is the intercept. is the slope coefficient estimates of regressors. is the corporate governance variables (and control variables) for firm i at time t. Dependent variable: The dependent variable () is defined as the long term debt to equity ratio. Independent variables: We have three independent variables and two control variables. We identify three types of corporate governance variables: (1) Board size (BOARD): This represents the number of executive and non executive directors on the board. (2) Ownership concentration (OWNERSHIP): This represents the total percentage of the companys shares that owned by owners. (3) Corporate governance reporting (DISCLOSURE): This is calculated as the number of sentences that include at least one corporate governance related information. Control variables: (1) Profitability (PROF): we use return on total assets as a measure for firms profitability. (2) Growth opportunity (MB): we use share price to book value ratio as a measure for firms growth opportunity. 5. Data Our data collection is based on a recent paper by Hussainey and Al-Nodel (2008). This helps us to focus on a group of firms that report corporate governance information on their websites. Hussainey and Al-Nodel (2008) collected their sample from Saudi listed companies websites between October 2005 and January 2006. At that time, the total number of companies listed in the Saudi Stock Market was 77 representing eight sectors: agriculture, services, cement, industrial, banks, electrical, telecommunication and insurance. They used TADAWUL website (www.tdwl.net) and Google website (www.google.com) to access every companys website. They deleted some companies from their analysis for a number of reasons. These include 11 firms without websites; one firm with a website under construction and one firm with a restricted website. This reduced their sample to 64 companies. We also further 27 firms because of missing corporate governance and accounting information. This leads to a sample of 37 l isted firms for the current study. Data on debt-to-equity ratio, Board size, ownership concentration, profitability and price-to-book value ratio are collected from TADAWUL website. Following Hussainey and Al-Nodel (2008), we use the content analysis approach to measure the number of sentences that contain corporate governance information. Accordingly we use the corporate governance disclosure index developed by Hussainey and Al-Nodel (2008) to analyse the content of every companys website. 6. Empirical Results This section discusses the descriptive analysis, the correlation analysis and the empirical results. Descriptive analysis Table 1 shows the descriptive analysis (mean, minimum, maximum and the standard deviation). It shows that on average the number of directors on board in Saudi Arabia companies is around 8, with a minimum of 4 members and a maximum of 11 members. Mean ownership concentration is 35.6 and the mean corporate governance disclosure is 5 sentences with a minimum of zero corporate governance sentence and a maximum of 21 corporate governance sentences. A broad range of variation in financial variables is also evident in our sample. The debt-to-equity ratio ranges from 0 to 97 with a mean of 24.52 and a standard deviation of 32.576. The return on total assets ratio ranges from -37.3 to 71.74 with a mean of 8.8535 and a standard deviation of 13.81767. The share price to book value ratio ranges from 0 to 21 with a mean of 5.03 and a standard deviation of 5.336. Insert table 3 here Table 2 shows the correlation analysis. The correlation between each of the independent variables is not too high. The highest correlation found between corporate governance disclosure and share price to book value ratio (MB) is 43.5, which is acceptable. This confirms that no multicollinearity problem exists between the independent variables. Insert table 4 here Table 3 shows our empirical results. It shows that the coefficient estimate on board size is positive significant with a p-value of 0.059 (see model 4). This is consistent with Jensen (1986) who also finds a positive association between higher debt ratios and larger board size. Our finding indicates that larger board size puts Saudi Arabian firms in a good position to finance their activities by using debt. This is consistent with the fact that higher quality of corporate governance improves companies financial performance (Bhagat and Bolton, 2008) and hence leads increase the ability of the company to obtain debt. Liang and Zheng (2005) provide an explanation for this positive sign. They argue that boards with a large board size are more likely to have a difficulty in getting an agreement because of different and conflict opinions and views. Accordingly, firms with large number of directors on board might not choose equity financing which requires high transaction cost to resolve co mmunication and coordination dilemma. In addition, they argue that directors would choose debt for financing their activities because this source of finance will not dilute the equity of current shareholders and change their current position. This leads us to accept hypothesis 1. Table 3 also shows that the coefficient estimate on ownership concentration is positive significant with a p-value of 0.005 (see model 4). This result is consistent with Wiwattanakantang (1999) Al-Najjar and Hussainey (2009a). This indicates that when the total percentage of the companys shares is concentrated internally, managers will prefer to use debt to finance their companies activities. This is because as mentioned in Liang and Zheng (2005) debt will not dilute the equity of current shareholders and change their current position. This leads us to accept hypothesis 2. Finally, corporate governance disclosure as a proxy for asymmetric information between managers and investors is expected to be negative and statistically significant. However, Table 3 shows that the coefficient estimate of DISCLOSURE variable is positive, indicating that firms with higher levels of corporate governance disclosure (less information asymmetry) has higher debt-to-equity ratio. This finding is statistically insignificant and not consistent with prior research. This leads us to reject hypothesis 3. 7. Conclusion The aim of this paper was to examine the effect of corporate governance mechanisms on capital structure for Saudi Arabian listed companies. Our results show that the corporate capital structure decisions in Saudi Arabia is driven by some of the same corporate governance determinates suggested in prior research. Based on a sample of 37 Saudi Arabian listed companies, our results show that the number of directors on boards and ownership concentration are the main drivers of Saudi companies for capital structure decisions. As mentioned in Hussainey and Al-Nodel (2008), the main limitation of the study is that it did not cover the whole market so the sample may not be representative of the population of Saudi companies. This, however, is justified by the nature of the study, which relied on the availability of companies websites. So companies that are not included in our study are more likely to have either no website, with a website under construction or the access to the information in their website is restricted. This is evident by checking the type of companies, which are not included. We found that these companies are in general small and less likely to use the online reporting. Nevertheless, a study with a large number of companies is needed for future research.

Mark Twain s The Adventures Of Huckleberry Finn - 2561 Words

On January 20, 2009, Barack Obama was sworn into office as the 44th President of the United States of America. As the first African American president, Obama started a legacy of change in America, as well as a legacy of newly unveiled prejudice and racism that has plagued African Americans for centuries. Obama’s inauguration helped uncover racism in government that did not end with the abolishment of slavery. Discrimination against free African Americans has been a problem in this country since before the idea of unlawful enslavement was discussed. Mark Twain contributed to the discussion of post-Civil War racism with his novel, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. In this novel, Jim, an escaped slave, is freed via his owner’s death,†¦show more content†¦As a white male, Tom does not want a black man to be allowed the same privileges as him, because he believes that his rights will be insufficient to his needs if they are permitted to one he deems as lower than himself. However, from a free African American’s point of view, there is no reason as to why one should be denied rights based on the color of one’s skin. In Frederick Douglass’s open letter, â€Å"To My Old Master,† he defends his African American race, while denying the pretensions of the white race: The morality of the act, I dispose as follows: I am myself, you are yourself; we are two distinct persons, equal persons. What you are, I am. You are a man, and so am I. God created both, and made us separate beings. I am not by nature bound to you, or you to me. Nature does not make your existence depend upon me, or mine to depend upon yours. (Douglass 3) The notion that a free African American and a slaveowner could be â€Å"equal persons† in itself was considered blasphemy in the antebellum South, however today it is seen as a basic facet of life: it is against the laws of nature for a person to own another living person. With this fact in mind, there should be no reason as to why an African American and a white person cannot be equal today, despite the fact that modern political racism can deny rights based on reasons that have never been a problem with whites guilty of the same alleged problem. Once again, the

Explain the Functions of Assessment in Learning and...

1. Understand the principles and requirements of assessment 1.1Explain the function of assessment in learning and development Assessment is carried out to ensure that learning has taken place. It measures the learner’s knowledge and skills in their learning area. Assessment encourages learners to ask questions on anything they have not fully understood, as learners know that they will have to prove their knowledge and understanding to the standards of the awarding body. Learning and development are both connected. The learner needs guidance to understand what it is they have to learn, if they are on track and how they may improve. Assessment is essential for this to happen. There will be observation, teaching one to one to assess†¦show more content†¦Assessment has to be fair, consistent and valid to ensure all learners have an equal and fair chance of receiving a fair assessment. An assessor cannot be persuaded to give a learner an easier assessment because they favour that learner. The assessment process may have to be adapted to be suitable to the learner’s needs but, needs to eventually lead to the same outcome. Another key principle is Validity. This is just as important as reliability and the assessor needs to question if the assessed task actually showed what it was supposed to. It is also important that the tasks you are assessing are relevant. When devising an assessment task it is important that it addresses the skills you want the learner to develop but that it is also in a context with a sense of real purpose to the learner. 2.3 The responsibilities of the assessor The role of the assessor is to make an informed judgement about the range of evidence the learner has completed to show their competence to meet the assessment criteria. The assessor must also maintain objectivity. Other responsibilities of the assessor are; to carry out assessments in accordance with specifications and documentation. 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Assess the Global Role and Local Impact of Multinational Companies. Free Essays

Assess the global role and local impact of multinational companies. A multinational company is often defined as a corporation whose operations and investments are broaden across a number of countries. They are also referred to as transnational companies. We will write a custom essay sample on Assess the Global Role and Local Impact of Multinational Companies. or any similar topic only for you Order Now Therefore given this definition it would be expected that if a company operates over such a large territory that it would indeed have many effects and impacts, locally and globally, and its role would also be quite significant as it can have a direct influence on an economy, the environment and general effects on society. However, changing the way they run things in order to accomidate society could break there business down and they could eventually have no impact on society so looking at the situation is they impacts worth the change? ‘Theory has evolved over the years regarding social concerns, society’s expectations and corporate responsibility. Indeed, early management and economic theorists viewed the corporation as having a strong fiduciary responsibility to shareholders, but stopped short of considering any real obligation to other stakeholder groups’ (Friedman 1962; Teece 1984) (Corporate social responsibility, Accountability and Governance; Istemi Demirag). This statement I think is very true, due to the fact that, as time continues people’s opinions of what is deemed socially responsible in both corporate and everyday society varies, as it is a sensitive topic that is very opinion based. Corporate social responsibility is when companies realise that their activities have economic, social and environmental influences. However, to put it simply it can be divided into two broad categories; one-off activities and larger issues of policy and strategy. One-off activities basically cover things such as charitable donations of money and time given to charities or community projects, all of which are at the discretion of the owners of the company. Larger issues of policy and strategy is where the company needs to have a much more devoted awareness to the firms moral, social, ethical and environmental acts within its operations. This requires the company to take a look at other external influences that directly affect the business, such as pressure groups. This could be seen as a type of contingency planning as it helps a firm avoid future conflicting interests with the outside world. Acting socially responsible brings many benefits to both the company and society, if the correct approach is used. So by a firm accepting social responsibility, everyday problems can be reduced such as unemployment and pollution. Therefore you would also see a vast improvement in the quality of life, as society would be factored into the day to day decision making process of the company. A business which includes this approach is most likely to see more of a tangible outcome, as they will probably benefit from increased financial performance from activities such as reduced operating costs from recycling instead of waste disposal. The company could also enhance its brand image from a good reputation and gain the ability to attract capital and trading, so will therefore see the benefits from increased sales and customer loyalty. However, this could also be a case for firms to not accept this responsibility, as they can suffer from lack of customer interest if they haven’t found the right approach for them. This is because various businesses see corporate responsibility being relatively constricting, as in some cases it has lead to products having a lack of sales, or makes the product less profitable. This is due to the fact that introducing some of these socially responsible policies into a firm is very costly, so this can lead to an increase priced products for the customers or a smaller profit margin on the product for the company. However, during the recent economic crisis companies are less likely now more than ever to not act socially responsible as they are more focused on profit and survival. On the other hand there could be a contrasting theory as corporate responsibility can just be used by a firm as a marketing ploy, as a company’s overall strategy is to make profit by responding to what their consumers want, so they may just use this method in order to maximise their product life cycle therefore increasing its revenue. Contradictions of corporate responsibility have been seen many times over the years within companies such as; ‘Barclays Bank CLAIM: We have the skills, resources and determination to make a positive and lasting contribution to the communities in which we operate. ’ (Barclays social review, 1999) ACTION: Barclays bank closed 172 branches in April 2000’ ‘Proctor Gamble CLAIM: An employee should be able to answer â€Å"yes† to the questions: is this the right thing to do? With this action uphold pg’s reputation as an ethical company? (Proctor Gamble code of conduct) ACTION: Proctor Gamble continues to trade in Burma, while other companies have pulled out because of the appalling record of the Burmese government on human rights. ’ ‘BAT (British American Tobacco) CLAIM: its corporate social responsibility report defines targets for reducing energy use, water consumption and waste products, and describes its commitment to enlightened employment practices. ACTION: it markets its tobacco products ruthlessly to young people – it was caught on television handing out packets of Benson Hedges cigarettes to teenage volley ball players in the Gambia. ’ (All three examples used is from AQA AS Business studies, John Wolinski Gwen Coates) Number of companies using corporate social responsibility reporting, 1994 – 2006 Source: EarthTrends, 2008 using data from UNPE, 2008 The chart above does in fact show that business are starting to realise the importance of corporate responsibility and meeting their customers’ needs by adapting to it. As the chart show continuous growth overall from 1994 to 2006 which does show the significance of the topic to society and the business world. Overall, positive externalities are created for society by companies that except corporate social responsibility as well as direct benefits to the firm. However, a lot of multinational companies are based in more of the westernised countries, so there main offices are seen as socially responsible some of which could be just due to the law in which it is governed by. Some of these companies may on the other hand have ‘back offices’ from outsourcing operations in counties such as China and India, where it is not ensured that these socially responsible factors are being kept, which is an increasing problem as more and more companies do it each year. Multinational companies also have to be aware of their global role in terms of business ethics. Business ethics can be defined as the entwining of ‘morals or a principle of what is right or wrong in human behaviour’ (business and society, Edmund Marshall) into a business’s activities. Every company starts with some kind of ethics whether intentional or portrayed by the owners or employees. These ethics are what help structure the way the business is run, even if they are not generally the right ones for society. However, all firms do have to have ethics which coincide with the law of which it is governed by. This does in fact make it trickier for multinational companies to obtain ethics which both abide by the laws of each country its company occupies, and have them be socially correct so that they are morally respected. Although, not doing so could have major effect on the businesses reputation, as multinational companies are more commonly known as they are generally larger. Therefore, it could result in heavy dents in their consumer base which would later affect the company’s revenue. Throughout recent years businesses have been forced to notice their participation and effects on the environment, mainly due to societies pressure to do so. However, responding to such pressures can give a firm many advantages such as, marketing opportunities, financial advantage and human resource opportunities. When a company is being ‘Environmentally friendly’ it portrays t its customers a very good reputation which is a very positive marketing tool. This can help achieve brand recognition more powerfully and even persuade a customer to choose them over a competitor. So could overall increase a business’s sales as well as give them stronger brand loyalty. This could even give a firm the opportunity to increase their products profit margins, so that the costs occurred from the change that would benefit the environment will be covered. However, although this change can have a beneficial effect on a company they do have to make vast changes on their operations so that it doesn’t have adverse effects on the environment. Such as, such as the use of raw materials and energy, many companies use finite resources like coal and oil as they are cheaper, but they will eventually run out and leave negative chemicals behind. So firms need to find more of a renewable energy resource that suits them. Another environmental impact that occurs often is the disposal of waste and by-products. Currently gases may be released into the atmosphere, liquids into rivers and solids into landfills all of which are extremely harmful to the environment. On the other hand, I do see that it is costly to find other ways of disposal so i think the company should focus more on changing the ways the waste is produced so that less is created. Also when obtaining environmental responsibility, a company needs to make a contingency plans, mainly so that negative externalities do not occur. By doing this if an environmental disaster occurs they can minimise risks and costs so that both the company and society will have less of an effect from t. However, if multinational companies are to take this seriously they are also to look at how their day to day operations effect the environment, such as using private jets instead of flying with normal airlines. They could also offer company cars that give out less carbon emissions. Therefore large companies like multinationals will most likely benefit from environmental audits. Overall, over recent years society has began to realise that all businesses have effects on the world locally and globally, even more for multinational companies. Although businesses already realised this, but have just began to take notice more increasingly due to the pressures of society and recent changes in the law. Every aspect of a business has a knock on effect and not just on the economy which some people is lead to believe. The ethics of how the company is run or the ethic they portray are being mirrored on to society. So for the general public to react is not that uncommon whether it is positive or negative. However, I do think that people should force a company to have corporate responsibility; so that they know their actions will not just be affecting society without any consequences. Finally, I think that multinational companies have one of the biggest influences on society as they are both global and local too many countries as they are transnational. Therefore they should respect the people of the community they are in and try there hardest to impact lives positively not negatively. . However, changing the way they run things in order to accommodate society could break their business down and they could eventually have no impact on society at all, so looking at the situation is they impacts worth the change? References Books Harvard Business school press, Harvard business review, business and the environment Edmund marshall, Business and society Hans, gunter, transnational industrial relations Istemi demirag, corporate social responsibility, accountability and governance, global perspectives Sally eden, environmental issues and business, implications of a changing agenda John wolinski gwen coates, a2 business studies, aqa John wolinski gwen coates, as business studies, aqa How to cite Assess the Global Role and Local Impact of Multinational Companies., Papers

Medicinal Plants free essay sample

Here are the list of Medicinal Plants that can be found here in the Philippines : AKAPULKO Scientific name : Casia Alata Other name : Ringworm Bush, Kasitas (Bik. , Bis. ) Treats skin diseases like Tinea infections,ringworms,eczema,scabies and insect bites. USE AND PREPARATION: Pound enough fresh leaves; express (squeeze out) the juice and apply on the affected skin morning and evening. Improvement should be noticed after 2 3 weeks of treatment. You can also boil the leaves and two glass of water, and wash the affected area 2x a day. AMPALAYA Scientific name: Momordia Charantia English name: Bitter Melon Help aleviates various ailments like Diabetis, liver problems, cough and fever ,treatment for intestinal worms and diarrhea. Aids in lowering blood sugar level and lowers blood pressure. USE AND PREPARATION: Juice amplaya leaves and drink a spoonful a day. Steam ampalaya tops (upper four leaves) and eat half a cup twice daily. As a decoction, boil six tablespoons of finely chopped leaves in two glasses of water over low fire (for 15 minutes). Drink 1/3 cup, three times a day, 30 minutes before meals. Dont use aluminum pots (clay or enamel only). ATIS Scientific name: Anona Squamosa L. English name: Sugar Apple Treats dysentery, diarrhea and fainting. USE AND PREPARATION: Crushed leaves are for dizziness and fainting. Boil the bark of atis ,and drink for diarrhea. Boiling of leaves treats cold ,fever and dysentery. Salted bruised leaves used to hasten suppuration. Bark decoction is used as tonic and to stop diarrhea. Root has purgative action. Leaf decoction used for rheumatic baths to alleviate pain. For fainting and hysteria, crush fresh leaves and place over nose. For infected insect bites, pound and extract the juice from one unripe fruit and apply the juice directly to the affected areas, 3 times daily. For lice infestation of the head, atis has a herbal treatment regimen: (1) Shampoo hair with gugo bark or any commercial shampoo daily for one week; with suyod combing twice daily. (2) For lice eggs (nits), apply hot vinegar for half an hour after shampooing; then suyod (fine combing) thoroughly. (3) Bedtime, pound 1/2 cup of atis seeds and mix with 1/4 cup of oil. Apply mixture thoroughly to the scalp and hair. Wrap the hair and head overnight. Shampoo in the morning and follow with fine tooth combing. Do daily for 3-5 days. (4) Paste of the crushed seeds in water, applied to the scalp. The same used as abortifacient applied to the os uteri. BANABA Scientific name: Lagerstromia speciosa English name: Giant crape myrtle, Queens Crape-myrtle, Banaba Plant, Pride of India Aids in cure of diabetes, ease urination, fights obesity, and blood pressure control. USE AND PREPARATION: Boil banaba leaves and drink like tea. Decoction of leaves of all ages used for diabetes mellitus. Some physicians believe the dried fruit decoction to be better. Roots have been used for a variety of stomach ailments. Leaf decoction for diabetes; also use as a diuretic and purgative. Decoction of old leaves and dried fruit (dried from one to two weeks), 50 gms to a pint of boiling water, 4 to 6 cups daily has been used for diabetes. Old leaves and ripe fruit are preferred, believed to have greater glucose lowering effect. Young leaves and flowers have a similar effect, though only 70% that of matures leaves and fruits. The wood has no known glucose lowering effect; the bark, a very small amount. A decoction of 20 gms of old leaves or dried fruit in 100 cc of water was found to have the equivalent effect to that of 6 to 7. 7 units of insulin. In Pahang decoction of bark has been used for the treatment of diarrhea. The bark, flowers and leaves used to facilitate bowel movements. Decoction of fruits or roots gargled for aphthous stomatitis. Decoction of leaves and flowers used for fevers and as diuretic. Leaf decoction or infusion used for bladder and kidney inflammation, dysuria, and other urinary dysfunctions. Seeds considered to have narcotic properties; also employed against aphthae. BAYABAS Scientific name: Psidium guajava English name: Guava Has antiseptic properties and helps to heal wounds, it has strong concentration of vitamin A and C. Helps cure diarrhea. USE AND PREPARATION: Boil bayabas leaves, and wash it to wound. Eating of the fruits helps aid diarrhea, to much consumption of it will cause constipation. For diarrhea, boil for 15 minutes 4 to 6 tablespoons of chopped leaves in 18 ounces of water. Strain and cool. Drink 1/4 of the decoction every 3 4 hours. Bark used internally for chronic diarrhea of children and adults half an ounce of the bark or root bark in six ounces of water is boiled down to 3 ounces, and given in teaspoon doses. Also used for prolapsus ani of children. Leaf extract used in skin whitening products. Decoction of root bark also used as mouthwash for swollen gums. For toothache, chew 2-3 young leaves and put into the tooth cavity. For nosebleeds, densely roll the bayabas leaves and place into the nostril cavity. BAWANG Scientificname: Allium Sativum English name: Garlic Reduces cholesterol level, known to have antibiotic properties. Helps lower blood preassure. USE AND PREPARATION: Eat 2 to 3 cloves after every meal. In the Philippines, bulbs used for hypertension. Also used as diuretic, and eaten fresh or burned for coughs in children. Arthritis, rheumatism, toothaches: Crush several cloves and rub on affected areas. Crush clove applied to both temples as poultice for headache. Crush garlic or cut clove crosswise and rub directly to areas of insect bites. Decoction of leaves and bulbs for fever and as hypotensive, carminative, expectorant, and antihelmintic. Juice from freshly crushed garlic used for colds, cough, sore throat, hoarseness, asthma and bronchitis. Decoction use for tonsillitis. Steam inhalation of chopped garlic and a teaspoon of vinegar in boiling water used for nasal congestion. Also used for menstrual cramps. Used for digestive problems and gastrointestinal spasms. Infusion of a peeled broiled clove used for gas pains. Juice of bulb with common salt applied to bruises and sprains; also used for neuralgia and earache. Rubbed over ringworm for soothing effect. GUMAMELA Scientific name: Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Linn English name: Rose mallow As herbal medicine, gumamela flower, leaves and roots are used. Gumamela has the following medicinal characteristics: expectorant, diuretic, emollient, anti-infectious, anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, anodyne and refrigerant. USE AND PREPARATION: Boil gumamela to1/4 water for Bronchitis, cough, fever, urinary and bladder infection, high blood pressure and constipation. In the Philippines, flower buds, beaten to a paste, applied as poultice to boils, cancerous swellings, and mumps. Mumps, infection of the urinary tract: use dried drug materials 15 to 30 gms, boil to decoction and drink. Decoction of roots, barks, leaves and flowers used as an emollient. Decoction from roots of red and white-flowered plants is a Kelantan antidote for poison. Same decoction is drunk for venereal diseases and fevers. Decoction of roots also used for coughs. Decoction of flowers and or roots used as natural diuretic. Bark is an emmenagogue; also used to normalize menstruation. Infusion or poultice of leaves used for headaches. Decoction of root used as drops for sore eyes. Seeds used as a stimulant and for cramps. Decoction of leaves for fevers. For headaches, an infusion of leaves or poultice of leaves. Leaves are mildly laxative. Mucilage applied during labor. LAGUNDI Scientific name: Vitex negundo English name: Five leaved chaste tree Relief for asthma, treats cough,fever,cold and flu. USE AND PREPARATION: Boil chopped leaves and drink 4x a day. Decoction of leaves used externally for cleaning ulcers and internally for flatulence. Also used as a lactagogue and emmenagogue. Decoction of bark, tops and leaves used as antigastralgic. Leaves used in aromatic baths; also as insectifuge. Vapor bath prepared with the plant used for treatment of febrile, catarrhal, and rheumatic affections. Decoction of leaves used as warm bath by women suffering with after-pains in the puerperal period. Also used as baths for new born children. Seeds are boiled in water and eaten or the water drunk to prevent the spread of toxin from bites of poisonous animals. Infusion of seeds used for disinfecting wounds and ulcers. Pounded leaves applies on the forehead and temples for headaches. Leaf decoction for fever, headache, toothache, cough, asthma. Root used as tonic, febrifuge and expectorant. Fruit used as nervine, cephalic, and emmenagogue. Tincture of root bark used for irritable bladder and for rheumatism. Powdered root used for piles as demulcent; also for dysentery. Root used for dyspepsia, colic, rheumatism, worms, boils, and leprosy. Flowers are used for diarrhea, cholera, fever, and diseases of the liver; and also as cardiac tonic. Powdered flowers and stalks are used for bleeding from the stomach and bowels. Fruit used for headaches, catarrh, and watery eyes. Dried fruits are used as vermifuge. Seeds are prepared as cooling mediing for skin diseases, leprosy, and inflammation of the mouth. Oil prepared with the juice used for sinuses and scrofulous sores. Oil also used as a rubbing application to glandular or tubercular swelliings of the neck. Oil also used for treatment of sloughing wounds and ulcers. Leaves used for reducing inflammatory and rheumatic swellings of the joints and testicular swelling associated with gonorrheal epididymitis and orchitis. Poultice of leaves also applied to sprained limbs, contusions, leech bites, etc. For these, fresh leaves in an earthen pot are heated over fire, and applied and applied as tolerated over the bruised parts. Leaves heated over fire are also applied with oil externally on wounds. Pillow stuffed with leaves is placed under the head for relief of catarrh and headache. Dried leaves when smoked also used to relieve catarrh and headaches. Decoction of leaves and long pepper used for catarrhal fever associated with head congestion and dullness of hearing. Juice of leaves used to remove fetid discharges and worms from ulcers. Plaster of leaves applied to enlarged spleens. Folkloric preparations: (1) For fever and toothaches, boil 6 tbsp of the chopped leaves in 2 glasses of water for 15 minutes; strain and cool. Divide the decoction in 3 parts and take one part every 3-4 hours. Also, bruised leaves may be applied to forehead. (2) For asthma and cough: Take 1/4 of the decoction three times a day. (3) Aromatic bath or sponge bathing: Boil 4 handfuls of leaves in a pot of water for 5 minutes; use the lukewarm decoction for sponge bathing. In Ayurveda and Unani, leaves and seeds used for rheumatism and joint inflammation. Decoction of leaves taken as a diuretic. In Bangladesh, used for headaches, weakness, vomiting, malaria black fever. In Indo-China, root decoction used for intermittent fevers. In Sri Lanka, used for eye disease, toothache, rheumatism; used as tonic, carminative and vermifuge. Others Insecticide: Leaves considered insecticide and placed between pages of books and folds of silk and woolen clothing to preserve them from insects. Dyeing: Ashes much used as alkali in dyeing. Recent Use Lagundi has been proven to be an effective analgesic and antitussive (prepared as a pleasant tasting cough syrup) and has been considered as a replacement for dextromethorphan in the public health system. New Application Studies have shown benefit through reduction of coughing and relaxation of the bronchial smooth muscles. Being promoted by the Department of Health (DOH) for cough and asthma. One of a few herbs recently registered with the Bureau of Foods and Drugs (BFAD) as medicines. How to make lagundi syrup †¢ Clean fresh lagund leaves and chop. †¢ In 4 glasses of water, boil 4 tablespoons of minced lagundi leaves for 15 minutes. †¢ Strain the liquid extract and add 1 part honey to 4 parts extracts. †¢ Boil in an earthen pot or enamel-lined saucepan for 15 minutes until the desired viscosity is attained; cool. †¢ Pour the syrup in clear amber-colored bottles. LUYA Scientific name: Zinniger Officinale English name: Ginger Known for its antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, antiviral, diuretic and antiseptic properties. USE AND PREPARATION: Boil ginger in water and drink. For rheumatism, pound ginger and apply to the affected area. Mixed with oil for easy application. In the Philippines, pounded rhizome, alone or mixed with oil, used as revulsive and antirheumatic. As antiseptic, tincture of dried rhizome prepared with 70% alcohol (not rubbing alcohol) and applied on superficial cuts and wounds; or, juice from fresh rhizome used similarly. As digestive aid and for flatulence and tympanism, decoction of the rhizome drunk as tea. Ginger juice rubbed on and around the navel is said to cure all kinds of diarrhea. For rheumatism, roasted rhizome is pounded and mixed with oil and applied locally. For sore throat and hoarseness, warm decoction of the rhizome is drunk as ginger tea (salabat); piece of small rhizome chewed for the same. Rhizome used as cough remedy, rubefacient, carminative and diuretic. Also used for hangovers. For chronic rheumatism, ginger infusion ( 2 drams in 6 ounces of boiling water and strained) is taken at bedtime Poulticed of pounded and warmed leaves applied to bruises. Ginger taken with rock salt before meals is said to clean the tongue and throat and increase the appetite. Chewing ginger is said to diminish biliousness and delirium, relieve sore throat, hoarseness and aphonia, and increases the flow of saliva. Dried ginger used as corrective adjunct to purgatives to prevent nausea and intestinal pain. Juice from fresh ginger in gradually increasing doses is a strong diuretic in cases of general dropsy. For headaches: Ginger plaster (bruised ginger in water to the consistency of poultice) is applied to the forehead. Same preparation may be helpful for toothaches and facial pain. Hot infusion used for stoppage of menses due to cold. In Indo-China, cataplasm used for furuncles; when mixed with oil is antirheumatic. Rhizomes also used for tuberculosis, general fatigue and uterine affections. In Perak, rhizomes used as vermifuge. In the Antilles powdered rhizome used as revulsive for pleuritis. In Ayurvedic medicine, used for inflammation and rheumatism. In India, used as carminative adjunct along with black pepper and long pepper. In Chinese folk medicine, pulverized fresh ginger used for baldness and vitiligo. Juice from fresh root used for treatment of burns. New uses †¢ Motion Sickness / Pregnancy-related Nausea: Antiemetic properties. Used for Nausea, motion sickness (1 gm taken 1/2 hour before the voyage). Stimulates digestion. Possibly antiinflammatory. Preparations †¢ Ginger tea Ginger tea preparation, the Chinese way : Bring one cup of water to boil. Add one teaspoon of the roasted (parched and browned) rice and a small piece of ginger root. Boil for one minute. Let stand to cool for drinking. (Preparation of dried rice: Pour enough water to cover 1/2 cup white rice in a flat dish; and let stand overnight. In the morning, drain off the excess water. Roast the rice in a dry pan, stirring constantly until parched and brown. Store in a glass jar for future use, tightly covered to keep moisture out. ) †¢ Ginger lozenges †¢ Wash and peel the ginger, then mince. †¢ Spread and air-dry for a day or oven-dry at 250 C. †¢ Grind and strain the dried ginger. †¢ In a mortar, mix 1 cup ground ginger and 1 cup confectioners sugar. †¢ Pound and mix while gradually adding water until a pulp is formed. †¢ Level the pulp on a board lined with wax paper. †¢ Using a mold, make balls from the pulp and wrap each lozenge in aluminum foil. MALUNGGAY- Scientific name: Moringga oleifera English name: Horse raddish The leaves of this plant proved to be a good source of calcium, iron, ascorbic acid and phosphorus. Its other parts such as the seeds, the young pods, and the flowers have been established to benefit individuals as far as anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, circulatory stimulations, and such other activities that are most beneficial to mankind, are concerned. USE AND PREPARATION: Aside from boiling,There are malunggay capsules that are now available in the market, which contain 250mg dried young leaves of the malunggay plant. Decoction of leaves used for hiccups, asthma, gout, back pain, rheumatism, wounds and sores. Young leaves, usually boiled, used to increase the flow of breast milk. Pods for intestinal parasitism. Leaves and fruit used for constipation. Decoction of boiled roots used to wash sores and ulcers. Decoction of the bark used for excitement, restlessness. In India pounded roots used as poultice for inflammatory swelling. Flowers used for catarrh, with young leaves or young pods. In Nicaragua decoction of roots used for dropsy. Roots have been used as abortifacient. In India, bark is used as abortifacient. Decoction of root-bark used as fomentation to relieve spasms; also, for calculous affections. Gum, mixed with sesamum oil, used for relief of earaches. Same, also reported as abortifacient. In Java, gum used for intestinal complaints. Roots chewed and applied to snake bites. Decoction of roots is considered antiscorbutic; also used in delirious patients. Juice of roots is used for otalgia. Bark used as rubefacient remedy. Decoction of roots is use as gargle for hoarseness and sore throat. Leaves used as purgative. Chewing of leaves used in gonorrhea to increase urine flow. Fresh roots used as stimulant and diuretic. Seeds for hypertension, gout, asthma, hiccups, and as a diuretic. Rheumatic complaints: Decoction of seeds; or, powdered roasted seeds applied to affected area. Juice of the root with milk used for asthma, hiccups, gout, lumbago. Poultice of leaves applied for glandular swelling. Pounded fresh leaves mixed with coconut oil applied to wounds and cuts. The flowers boiled with soy milk thought to have aphrodisiac quality. Root is rubefacient and plaster applied externally as counterirritant. In West Bengal, India, roots taken by women, esp prostitutes, for permanent contraception (Studies have shown total inactivation or suppression of the reproductive system). In African savannah, used in the treatment of rheumatic and articular pains. Others †¢ Dye: In Jamaica the wood is used for dyeing blue color. †¢ Oil: known as ben oil, extracted from flowers can be used as illuminant, ointment base, and absorbent in the enfleurage process of extracting volatile oils from flowers. |With ointments, the oil allows longer shelf life without undergoing oxidation. The oil, applied locally, has also been helpful for arthritic pains, rheumatic and gouty joints. Breast feeding women †¢ Malunggay leaves and pods are helpful in increasing breast milk in the breast-feeding months. One tablespoon of leaf powder provide 14% of the protein, 40% of the calcium, 23% of the iron and most of the vitamin A needs of a child aged one to three. Six tablespoons of leaf powder will provide nearly all of the womans daily iron and calcium needs during pregnancy and breast-feeding. NIYOG-NYUGAN Scientific name: Quisqualis indica English name:Dhinese Honeysuckle, Kasumbal (Bik. ), Tangulo (Bik. ), Tanglon (Bik. ), Tangolo (Tag. , Bik. ) By eating ,matured dried seeds niyog-niyugan eliminates intestinal worms, Thrichina and Ascaris. USE AND PREPARATION: Use only mature seeds, dried and newly cracked nut. Adult, 8-10 seeds 7-12 years old, 6-7 seeds 6-8 years old, 5-6 seeds 4-5 years old, 4-5 seeds. †¢ Anthelmintic: Dried seeds preferable for deworming. †¢ Adults: Dried nuts-chew 8 to 10 small- to medium-sized dried nuts two hours after a meal, as a single dose, followed by a half glass of water. If fresh nuts are used, chew only 4-5 nuts. Hiccups occur more frequently with the use of fresh nuts. †¢ Children 3-5 years old: 4-5 dried nuts; 6 8 years old: 5-6 dried nuts; 9-12 years old: 6-7 dried nuts. †¢ Roasted seeds for diarrhea and fever. †¢ Plant used as a cough cure. †¢ Leaves applied to the head to relieve headaches. †¢ Pounded leaves externally for skin diseases. †¢ Decoction of boiled leaves used for dysuria. †¢ Ifugao migrants use it for headache. †¢ Ripe seeds roasted and used for diarrhea and fever. Caution Adverse reactions diarrhea, abdominal pain, distention and hiccups are more likely if nuts are eaten in consecutive days or when fresh nuts are eaten. OREGANO Scientific name: Origanum vulgare English name: Sweet marjoram It has anti-oxidant and anti-microbial properties which help eases cough,asthma , upset stomach and prevents arthritis and osteoarthritis. USE AND PREPARATION: Boil fresh leaves for 10 to 15 minutes. Drink 3 times a day for common colds. For a concentrate, juice the oregano leaves and take 1 tablespoon every hour to relieve chronic coughs, rheumatism, bronchitis, asthma, and dyspepsia. In the Philippines, macerated fresh leaves applied externally to burns.  · Leaves are bruised and applied to centipede and scorpion bites. Also, applied to temples and forehead for headache, help in place by a bandage.  · Leaves in infusion or as syrup used as aromatic and carminative; used for dyspepsia and also as a cure for asthma.  · The Malays used the plant juice or decoction for pains around the areas of the heart or abdomen.  · Decoction of leaves given after childbirth.  · In Indo-China, given for asthma and bronchitis.  · The juice of the leaves for dyspepsia, asthma, chronic coughs, bronchitis, colic, flatulence, rheumatism. The dose is one tablespoonful of the fresh juice every hour for adults and one teaspoonful every two hours, four times daily, for children. As an infusion, 50 to 60 grams to a pint of boiling water, and drink the tea, 4 to 5 glasses a day. For children, 1/2 cup 4 times daily.  · For otalgia (ear aches), pour the fresh, pure juice into the ear for 10 minutes.  · For carbuncles, boils, sprains, felons, painful swellings: Apply the poultice of leaves to the affected area, four times daily.  · For sore throats, a decoction of two tablespoonfuls of dried leaves to a pint of boiling water, taken one hour before or after meals.  · In India, leaves are used traditionally for bronchitis, asthma, diarrhea, epilepsy, nephro-cystolithiasis, fever, indigestion and cough. Also used for malarial fever, hepatopathy, renal and vesicle calculi, hiccup, helminthiasis, colic, and convulsions.  · The Chinese used the juice of leaves with sugar, for cough in children, asthma and bronchitis, epilepsy and convulsive disorders.  · Leaves are applied to cracks at the corners of the mouth, for thrush, headaches; against fever as a massage or as a wash.  · Used for bladder and urinary afflictions, and vaginal discharges.  · Used as carminative, given to children for colic.  · In Bengal, used for coli and dyspepsia.  · Expressed juice applied around the orbit to relieve conjunctival pain. Others  · Fresh leaves rubbed on clothing or hair at the time of bathing for its scent. Recent uses and preparations Respiratory ailments like cough, asthma and bronchitis: Squeeze juice of the leaves. Take one teaspoon every hour for adults. For children above 2 years old, 3 to 4 teaspoons a day. PANSIT- PANSITAN Scientific name: Peperomia pellucida English name: Treat arthritis, gout, skin disorders, abdominal pains and kidney problems. USE AND PREPARATION: Salad: Wash 1 1/2 glasses of fresh mature leaves thoroughly. Add a pinch of salt and pepper. Decoction: Wash the leaves thoroughly and chop into pieces. Boil 2 glasses of chopped leaves with 4 glasses of water for 15 minutes in low fire without cover. Cool and strain. Drink 1/3 glass after every meal, or 3x a day. Infusion and decoction of leaves and stems are used for gout and arthritis. Decoction of leaves used for urinary tract infections. Externally, as a facial rinse for complexion problems. In Ayurveda, used to pacify vitiated cough, pitta, constipation, kidney diseases, urinary retention, dysuria, urinary tract infection, emaciation, edema and general weakness. (15) Pounded whole plant used as warm poultice for boils, pustules and pimples. In Jamaica and the Caribbean used for colds and as a diuretic for kidney problems. In South America, solution of fresh juice of stem and leaves used for eye inflammation. Infusion and decoction of leaves and stems used for gout and arthritis. (15) In Brazil, used for abscesses and conjunctivitis. In Bolivia, decoction of roots used for fever; aerial parts for wounds. In Bangladesh, leaves used in the treatment of excited mental disorders. In Africa, used for convulsions and tumors. Used for headaches, rheumatic pains, impotence. In Brazil, used to lower cholesterol; for treatment of abscesses, furuncles and conjunctivitis New uses Belongs to the preferred list of Philippine medicinal plants, being studied for its use in the treatment of arthritis and gout. For arthritis: Leaves and stems of the fresh plant may be eaten as salad. Or, as an infusion, put a 20-cm plant in 2 glasses of boiling water; and 1/2 cup of this infusion is taken morning and evening. SAMBONG Scientific name: Blumea balsamifera English name: Blumea Camphora, Lakdanbulan (Bis. ) Treat kidney disorders, colds, fever, rheumatism, hypertension and other ailments. As a diuretic, it helps in the excretion of urinary stones. USE AND PREPARATION: Boil leaves, drink like tea 3x a day. Leaves as poultice for abscesses. Decoction of roots and leaves for fevers, kidney stones, and cystitis. Decoction of leaves used to induced diuresis for purpose of treating kidney stones. Sitz-bath of boiled leaves, 500 gms to a gallong of water, for rheumatic pains of waist and back. Used in upper and lower respiratory tract affections like sinusitis, asthmatic bronchitis, influenza. Applied while hot over the sinuses. Used for wounds and cuts. Fresh juice of leaves to wounds and cuts. Poultice of leaves applied to the forehead for relief of headaches. Tea is used for colds and as an expectorant; likewise, has antispasmodic and antidiarrheal benefits. Postpartum baths. In Vietnam, decoction of fresh leaves used for cough and influenza or as inhalation of vapour from boiling of leaves. In Thailand, dried leaves are chopped, made into cigarettes and smoked for treating sinusitis. For fever, leaves boiled and when lukewarm used as sponge bath. Decoction of roots used for fever. Decoction of leaves, 50 gms to a pint of boiling water, 4 glasses daily, for stomach pains. In SE Asia widely used for various women problems. Postpartum, leaves are used in hot fomentation over the uterus to induce rapid involution. Also used for menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, functional uterine bleeding and leucorrhea. Roots used for menorrhage. Decoction of roots and leaves used for rheumatism and arthritis; also used for treatment of post-partum joint pains. Poultice of fresh leaves applied to affected joint. In Chinese and Thai medicine, leaves used for treatment of septic wounds and other infections. A sitz-bath of boiled leaves used in the treatment of lumbago and sciatica. Preparations †¢ Fever: decoction of roots; boil 2 4 handfuls of the leaves. Use the lukewarm decoction as a sponge bath. †¢ Headaches: apply pounded leaves on the forehead and temples. Hold in place with a clean piece of cloth. †¢ Gas distention: boil 2 tsp of the chopped leaves in 1 cup of water for 5 minutes. Drink the decoction while warm. Also used for upset stomach. †¢ Postpartum, for mothers bath after childbirth. †¢ Boils: Apply pounded leaves as poultice daily. †¢ Diuretic: Boil 2 tbsp chopped leaves in 2 glasses of water for 15 minutes. Take 1/2 of the decoction after every meal, 3 times a day. Camphor cultivation †¢ Can be cultivated as a source of camphor. Experiments in China produced 50,000 kilos of leaves per hectare, with a possible borneol yield of 50-200 kilos per hectare. L-borneol is easily oxidized to camphor. source New applications As a diuretic and for dissolution of renal stones. As a diuretic in hypertension and fluid retention. Also used for dissolution of kidney stones. Some clinical studies, including double blind/placebo randomized studies, have shown encouraging results for Sambong to be both safe and effective in the treatment of kidney stones and hypertension. The National Kidney and Transplant Institute has promoted the use of this herbal medicine for many renal patients to avert or delay the need for dialysis or organ transplantation. Being promoted by the Department of Health (DOH) as a diuretic and for dissolution of renal stones. One of a few herbs recently registered with the Bureau of Foods and Drugs as medicines. Other benefits Possible benefits in use patients with elevated cholesterol and as an analgesic for postoperative dental pain. GUYABANO Nutritional Value of Guyabano Guyabano fruit is high in carbohydrates, particularly fructose. The fruit also contains significant amounts of vitamin C, vitamin B1, and vitamin B2. 5 leaves per glass of 8 oz. 3 x a day for 30 days 30 minutes before meals or 1 ? hours after meals REST for 10 days reduce little by little before stopping Remember: Sip tea little by little for best effect; Avoid the use of straw for tea or any kind of fluid; There is no substitute for water Uses of concoction prepared from pulverized guyabano seeds As skin astringent Treat muscle spasms Treat dysentery To purge parasites such as bedbugs and head lice Uses of concoction prepared from guyabano leaves As sudorific or to cause one to sweat As an agent to cause vomiting (emetic) As tranquilizer and sedative To treat head lice and bedbugs and other parasites To treat inflammation Treatment for eczema and skin diseases Treatment of catarrh or inflammation of mucous membrane in the respiratory tract. Treatment of pain and inflammation associated with arthritis, rheumatism Uses of concoction of bark, roots and leaves To treat diabetes As tranquilizer and sedative